BP17-2009103-Web 2.0 Sumo Paint

SumoPaint.com

It is a good news to computer art teachers who cannot afford Adobe Creative Suite. This site provides a free drawing tool. This includes all different kinds of shape tools, color modes, layers, pen, brushes, lasso, magic wand, clone, smudge, blur and much more. Many of these tools are just like Adobe Illustrator and it is free. This can be a great tool for kids to design logos, draw cartoon characters, self-portraits, and a lot more possible art lessons. If students want the a version for Pros, it is only $19.99 for a year which is much cheaper than Adobe Creative Suite. the major difference between Sumo Paint and Illustrator are pen tool and Pathfinder option. I personally prefer Adobe Illustrator for its delicate and detailed options but Sumo Paint can be a useful tool to start drawing in computer with all age group.

BP16-2009103-Reflective Media Asset

Reflective Media Asset on Animoto.com

copyright(c)Soyeon Kim

Animoto makes video making easy and fun!

BP15-2009103-Web 2.0 Animoto.com

Animoto.com
This site provides a free video-editing tool. Unlike Pixorial.com, it also take photos into a video format. You can music from their list and add it to your video.  It has a lot more auto features than Pixorial but it costs more money. It only costs $30 a year for unlimited length of video. Otherwise it allows only 30 second video length.

copyright(c)SoyeonKim 2009
This is the video I created using photos. It took me less than five minutes to make one. This can be used for short presentations with students art works. In my AP studio art class I can ask students upload their class projects and make them into a 30 second video clip. This can be their final project of the course with all their class projects. Students can upload the file into their iPod, You Tube, blogs and Facebook. They can instantly create a fancy presentation. Video transition is automatic so all of the students will have the similar format. If students want to create a longer clip, it is optional to pay for the unlimited use. This can be a great reflection and assessment tool.
This also can be a great tool for series of short clips into a longer story even without paying for it. I can't wait till I introduce this to my Design Studio class students next semester when we move our classroom into a computer lab.

BP14-2009103-Web 2.0 BGFL Perspective

BGFL: linear perspective 
click on the title to visit the site.

Copyright (c)Soyeonkim 2009
This Screenflow presentation shows the demo on BGFL tools for younger students to play to see linear perspective.
This site provides sets of different object for students to place to create a one-point perspective,

This site also presents a page of masters' works to show how they used perspective in their artworks with perspective grids on the work. It is a great resource for students to explore one-point perspective. This is a helpful site to start the lesson to engage students. Students can draw their own grid and start placing objects on the paper and compare them with masters' examples. 
This BGFL site also provides other games that students can play to learn languages, mathematics, personal social skills, physical development, and more. This is great for Pre K through 1st graders.

BP13-2009103-Web 2.0-Pixarial.com

Pixarial.com

How many students have a digital camera in your class? Only one or two does not have a digital camera and they have a phone that has camera function at the least. Nowadays it is rare to find someone who does not have any access to digital media tools. Why don’t we as educators take advantage of the media tools that students have in daily use? When I found Pixorial.com I was very excited. This site provides the video-editing tool for free. If you want upgraded features, it is optional to pay for it. You can easily upload your video that you took with your camera or phone in Pixorial.com and you can add special effects, transitions, moving titles, and more. The coolest part of this site is that you can collaborate with others on your video. Group work on the video is possible with this tool. This site provides 10,240 MB that allows students create approximately an hour length video. Students can buy a DVD once they finish their video if they want.

With this awesome tool, students can create a digital storytelling, movies, presentations, or other media projects for free. Students can form a group and work on it at home and in school together online. I taught digital art class last year and we create an animation in Photoshop and Illustrator and it was little hard to do in groups without USB external drive because students cannot share the account in the computer. Students went back and forth on their computer and they could only work on their computer in class. As long as they have Internet access, they can work in different places with this tool. I wish I knew this tool earlier.

Tips for using this site is that uploading should take place at home if possible because it takes a long time to upload a file. Many shorter clips are better than one longer clip because of the uploading time.

BP12-2009103-Reflective Media on Flickr

How can an art teacher maximize the art making time in class 
and give a specific individual feedback at the same time?


Double-click on the video to see the full view.
Copyright(c)soyeonenator 2009

BP9-2009103-Response to Nick La Fountain

Nick La Fountain wrote...

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 10, 2009

BP7_20091010_Web_2.0_Tools_yammer.com

Recently I found myself in my principals office discussing the value of a service like Twitter. We both went back and forth on the pros and the cons of the service, but in the end found that the cons outweighed the pros. Which in many ways is unfortunate because a service like Twitter provides the opportunities for a school to provide its community with constant updates. However, there are many spammers on Twitter and the last thing our school needs is someone following our followers with a Twitter account filled with inappropriate material (believe me, this happened and our parents will check).

Today I was introduced to Yammer and all the glories of having a private Twitter like network. Although Yammer provides the same basic feature of Twitter with the sharing of posted messages, that is only a small fraction of the ability of Yammer.

First, Yammer offers much more security then that of its counterpart Twitter. It only provides access to those who are found within your domain name or those who have been given access by the administrator based on the web address. Essentially, Yammer utilize email verification to recognize that you are truly part of the group. Since Yammer's base clientele are enterprise organizations, they offer a suite of security options. Ranging from private networks to SSL encryption, Yammer provides its users with the safety of data protection. In a school setting this would be perfect for large districts or schools. A tool like this would allow teachers and administrators to keep in touch and provide parents with updates throughout the day.

Yammer provides many tools to follow postings. They offer a suite of applications that make it easy to track posts throughout the organization. Some of these applications include phone apps, firefox extensions, a desktop application, and a bookmarklet that allows users to quickly share links amongst each other.

Another great feature of Yammer is the ability to create groups. Users can be placed into groups and can share information amongst one another as well as the general community. As a use in education, a district could set up school specific groups or even grade level groups. This could allow for collaboration amongst teachers and administrators found within the district. This could provide schools the opportunity for teachers who would not otherwise work together to constantly stay in touch with one another. Administrators could share ideas or even communicate emergency information quickly.

Another great feature that Yammer offers is the ability to post images in a post and to upload documents for the organization. Districts and schools could post organization wide documents that could be easily searched and downloaded while all being contained in one place.

There are a couple of downsides to Yammer. First, to utilize many of the great tools you would need to sign up for a paid account. The prices on the website range from $3 to $5 per user. Although they do offer a discount clients with a user base over 100. Also, for your parents or students to take advantage of using Yammer, you would have to either provide them with a district wide email address or pay for them to be part of your organization. When you pay for them, the administrator can upload the students email address so that they can latter be verified. While price is probably the biggest resistance for educators to utilize this tool, I don't think it will be long before we find tools like this popping up in districts nation wide.

BP7-2009102-Web 2.0-repper

repperClick on the repper to visit the site.
This site provides a tool to create a personal pattern.
This is a tutorial how to make your personal pattern.
This can be a fun tool to personalize the background of a blog or desktop screen.
This site lets you send a post card with the pattern that you made and charge $.99 each. 
You can download it for free and use them for other purposes. 


Repper Tutorial from Studio Ludens on Vimeo.

This is what I made using my picture. The original picture is this.

And my pattern out of this picture is this.

copyright(c)creative commons. All patterns created by repper are licensed under the creative commons.

      This is another fun pattern using a portrait. 

BP6-2009102-Web 2.0-eChalk

eChalk
Click here to visit.




eChalk.com is the website company for schools. Once a school opens up an account in eChalk, every student, faculty and teacher is registered by their firstname.lasname@schoolname.org. They much activate the account once. Each class and group will receive a group page and list of members or students are listed by the administrator of the website. Student information is automatically in my class page.

This page displays school calendar, directory, department information, faculty information, and more. Parents can access to see students' absentees, and grades. Each class shows assignments, announcements, resources posted on the class calendar and class section page. Teachers can post their lessons, assignments, videos and links and the space is unlimited. Because email account is students' name in a certain format (first.last name@school.org), teachers don't have to ask students' email address. This also has a discussion section for each group pages.

It also has a survey tools which I just found last week which I want to use for my AR.

There are two disadvantages.
One is that school pays approximately $1 for a user.
Two, when I open attached documents, it is inconvenient because you have to open pop ups to retrieve the files. Also,  I wish this provides students personal pages or blogs.
Overall, it is definitely worth for its price because it has almost anything a teacher needs and it is secure school online environment.

Media Literacy

My father, who has never opened up an email account, does not understand when I talk about tagging, uploading, or downloading files online. In contrast, most of my students probably know more than I do about online terms because they spend more than six hours in front of computers everyday (Media smart, 2005). However, this does not necessarily mean that they are media literate. Media literacy involves more than ability to define the cyber terms. It includes, according to Tessa Jolls in Media Literacy (2008), the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create in media forms. Media literary makes students the owners, authors, and active participants.
Students Wesch’s class initially did not know that they could edit the wiki until he made a class group wiki for the materials taught in his class. Students participated and contributed in the class wiki with videos and other resources that resulted as the best review materials for the exam (2008). Media literacy helps students become naturally motivated and engage with the materials because they take ownerships by discussing, analyzing, and creating in media forms.
If I were to make my own school, I would address the artistic view of the media. Media should attract the viewers and draw the attention to be viewed out of millions of information out there. Content is the most important part of course but without the artistic part of the media, it would probably loose the audience. I would talk about how to make tone of voice, the composition of photographs, transitions of motion pictures, typography, visual arts and music to enhance the content presented. In the video Media Smart (2005), I was impressed by how students were analyzing the two different newspapers on the same issue, Iraq War. Student mentioned that one picture shows the soldiers and how the war is important and other newspaper shows the injured civilians to show that the war is not necessary. I noticed the power of the photographs to present the message. Tessa Jolls in the video Media Literary (2008), also talked about the importance of techniques and artistic skills in the media literacy to attract the audience.
Also, I would address the power of collaboration. In Wesch’s class (2008), he let the students made notes and reviews on their class wiki and students collaborated to create the best reviews on the class materials. It would have been very hard, almost impossible, for Wesch to do by himself. He mentioned the quote of saying “No one is smarter than everybody.” Media literacy helps students see the relationship with others as well while they collaborate and influence each other.


Media literacy, education & choice – extra feature, (Video). (2008, August, 4). Challenging Media. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yzeVjAM-drg
Media smart: Kids learn how to navigate the multimedia worlds. (July 13, 2005). Edutopia. Retrieved, October 10, 2009, from http://www.edutopia.org/media-literacy-skills-video
Wesch, M. (Video.). (2008, July 10). A portal to media literacy, Lecture presented at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4yApagnr0s

Media Literacy

My father, who has never opened up an email account, does not understand when I talk about tagging, uploading, or downloading files online. In contrast, most of my students probably know more than I do about online terms because they spend more than six hours in front of computers everyday (Media smart, 2005). However, this does not necessarily mean that they are media literate. Media literacy involves more than ability to define the cyber terms. It includes, according to Tessa Jolls in Media Literacy (2008), the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create in media forms.  Media literary makes students the owners, authors, and active participants.

Students Wesch’s class initially did not know that they could edit the wiki until he made a class group wiki for the materials taught in his class. Students participated and contributed in the class wiki with videos and other resources that resulted as the best review materials for the exam (2008). Media literacy helps students become naturally motivated and engage with the materials because they take ownerships by discussing, analyzing, and creating in media forms. 

If I were to make my own school, I would address the artistic view of the media. Media should attract the viewers and draw the attention to be viewed out of millions of information out there. Content is the most important part of course but without the artistic part of the media, it would probably loose the audience. I would talk about how to make tone of voice, the composition of photographs, transitions of motion pictures, typography, visual arts and music to enhance the content presented. In the video Media Smart (2005), I was impressed by how students were analyzing the two different newspapers on the same issue, Iraq War. Student mentioned that one picture shows the soldiers and how the war is important and other newspaper shows the injured civilians to show that the war is not necessary. I noticed the power of the photographs to present the message. Tessa Jolls in the video Media Literary (2008), also talked about the importance of techniques and artistic skills in the media literacy to attract the audience.

Also, I would address the power of collaboration. In Wesch’s class (2008), he let the students made notes and reviews on their class wiki and students collaborated to create the best reviews on the class materials. It would have been very hard, almost impossible, for Wesch to do by himself. He mentioned the quote of saying “No one is smarter than everybody.”  Media literacy helps students see the relationship with others as well while they collaborate and influence each other.

Media literacy, education & choice – extra feature, (Video). (2008, August, 4). Challenging Media. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yzeVjAM-drg

Media smart: Kids learn how to navigate the multimedia worlds. (July 13, 2005). Edutopia. Retrieved, October 10, 2009, from http://www.edutopia.org/media-literacy-skills-video

Wesch, M. (Video.). (2008, July 10). A portal to media literacy, Lecture presented at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4yApagnr0s

iGoogle_ETC

This is my iGoogle ETC page.

iGoogle_AR/CBL

This is my iGoogle Action Research/ Challenge Based Learning page.

iGoogle _WGO

This is my iGoogle WGO page.

BP5-2009102-Web2.0-Bubblr

Bubblr
Click here and visit the site.


This website provides a tool to make a comic strip with images from Flickr. You can enter the tagging words in the box and it suggests you with images with the tagging word that you entered. You can drag the image into the comic strips and type in the words. You may continue your strips with different pictures. This is possible because of two things. One Flickr provides copyright free images. Two, when people upload their photos, they label their photos with the tagging words so that other people can easily find what they like to use.

With this site, elementary students can create their storytelling strips. Even for high school students, I think this can be a fun activity to engage students. I would not use it as the intense project for high school students because the images are not original and it does not involve photo editing or other serous art making process. I would use this activity to introduce storytelling assignment in other software or to reflect students? process or assessment. As an assessment tool, students can explain their project process or how they feel during the process in the comic strips.

If I were to make it as one of the art lesson, I would ask students to take their own photos based on their theme and upload them in Flickr and tag their own photos to make strips. This would involve digital photography with lighting and composition. It also would give students opportunities to write according to their photos. Collaboration of a book making is possible without really heavy duty on an expensive software such as Photoshop because Flickr provides free photo editing tools as well. It lets you crop, change contrast, sharpen, rotate and resize.

BP4-2009103-Social Bookmarking

Social Bookmarking 

Click on the pictures to visit the sites!

Social bookmarking is a good system that helps people organize web surfing. When you want to save a certain website to revisit later, you would bookmark on your computer as “My Favorite.” With this function, you can have a shortcut on your desktop and revisit the site any time as long as you are sitting in front of your computer. But what if you are using a different computer or you lost your laptop, you loose all your bookmarked sites too. Here is a better way. You can bookmark online using a bookmaking site such as Delicious.com. This site allows you to save urls on your Delicious account and open the sites anywhere you go as long as you have an internet access. When you save the urls you want to tag them to sort out their categories. For example, if you found a great website on Perspective, you want to tag the site “perspective” so that you can search the site easily when you open your account. You can tag a site with multiple words too. Another bookmarking site Diigo even allows you highlight and take comments and notes to make the retrieving process easier. (Ebarney2, 2008)

Another great option for this bookmarking system is that you can make a social bookmarking meaning you can share your urls with your friends and co-workers, and even stranger you met on the street. A successful concept for your online marketing has to be regarded in a more comprehensive way and must include the community. (Social Bookmarking, n.d.) As a teacher it is a great way to gather resources and share them with colleagues and other teachers from all over the world. You can even share a good deal of information with your students as well. You can create an account for your department or subject you teach and share with other teachers. This way you can leverage and your researching job can be easier and faster. Students can also collaborate researching using this social bookmarking tool on literally any subjects or projects. As an art teacher I would love to introduce artist’s sites and drawing lessons online with my students so that their learning can extend to their daily life at home. Riddell(2006) also mentioned that power of this bookmarking tagging system as a networking. You can share relevant materials with other people by tagging the site so you can save time surfing the irrelevant materials.

Ebarney2, (Video). (2008, April 8). Social bookmarking: Making the web for you. Youtube, Retrieved October 10, 2009, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcecBgRd3ig

Riddell, R. (2006, December 29),Social bookmarking makes its mark in education, Eschool News, Retrieved October 2, 2009, from http://www.eschoolnews.com/news/top-news/index.cfm?i=42069&CFID=23261089&CFTOKEN=30657285

Social bookmarking. (n.d.) Social Bookmark Script. Retrieved October 10, from http://www.social-bookmark-script.com/

BP4-2009102-flickr lesson plan

Flickr has a new feature called "galleries" where anyone can upload up to eighteen images on one coherent theme with commentary. This suggests to me that I can ask my Advanced Placement students to upload a body of work on their theme with a commentary that is part of AP exam. There are three parts of AP studios art exam. The exam requires students to digitally upload twelve pieces of work on wide range of medium and theme as "Breadth" section. For the "Concentration" section of the exam, students digitally submit twelve pieces of artworks on one theme in a deeper study of specific medium. The third part of the exam is submitting five out of previous twelve in the original form. We can prepare the procedure of Concentration section of AP exam using Flickr gallery.

Flickr galleries - art students curate collections. (2009, September 15). Free Technology for Teachers, retrieved October 8, 2009, from http://www.freetech4teachers.com/2009/09/flickr-galleries-art-students-curate.html

BP3_2009101_Anti Teaching

For 21st century schools, I would implement individualized instructional strategies with technology. Educational system today do not work for the vast majority of students because there are too many students in one class and the period is just too short to absorb all information lectured in class. In reality with more than 3o students in one class with one teacher, lecturing is the only possible way. I teach 150 students in one day and each one stays with me only 43 minutes a day. I told my administrator about this and she knows the problem but it is not under her control either and she recommended me to assign certain number of kids to help on certain days. What about other kids? They just wait for me to approach them other days. Many students are not motivated, and lack of critical thinking skill. When I let them think, they prefer me to answer for them. It is because they have been raised and educated to receive lectures throughout their lives. It takes fair amount of time to really assist them to think critically, self-teach, and engage. I simply need more time with fewer students. I strongly think that individualized instruction is necessary. Teacher as a guide, support and encourage students to find their interests and dig in deeper on their interests. That way, teachers can assess each student?s need, strength, and weakness. Students depend on personal relationship to find meanings in their lives and a strong rapport between students and teachers will only help them engage into the lesson as mentioned by Wesch (n.d.).

Is it really impossible for one teacher to manage 150 students based on their individual need? Technology helps many things possible. CMS makes things easier for teachers and student engagement bigger. Students have to search and do their work and submit to teacher through CMS. Then teacher read and give individual feedbacks to each one just like Full Sail University online program. All professors are managing almost 100 students at once. Instead, students have to be actively engaged and motivated to do this. I cannot imagine doing this same thing with my high school students because they do not have the concept yet. Once students are exposed to technology gradually since kindergarten through elementary school, individualized instruction in a larger school can be possible through the effective use of technology.

One thing we need to consider is parental support. We are in the transitional time of old and new concept of technology. There are still many kids without computers and Internet assess at home because their parents are afraid that kids would be exposed to unfiltered materials. There should be a seminar of workshop for parents on how to monitor student?s learning through the use of technology.

As things get overwhelmed, PLE is such a helpful tool-using web 2.0. I sometimes forget checking my emails because I have eleven different accounts and five of them are inactive. I forget where I visited and hard to remember everything I have to do especially with a full-time job, full-time class and other community commitment. I love how iGoogle helps me to see everything in one place organized. It even teaches you how to organize things. I feel like I have my own web desk. I really change my Internet experience because information comes to you instead of you search for it.
Downsides of PLE for high school students are that students must learn how to discern relevant materials. ("7 Things," 2009)

References:

7 things you should know about personal learning environments. (2009, May 12). Educause. Retrieved October 2, 2009, retrieved from http://www.educause.edu/Resources/7ThingsYouShouldKnowAboutPerso/171521

Welsch, M. (n.d.). Anti-teaching: Confronting the crisis of significance. Education Canada. Retrieved October 2, 2009, from http://www.scribd.com/doc/6358393/AntiTeaching-Confronting-the-Crisis-of-Significance

BP2_2009101_RSS Feeds

As I subscribe to the different RSS feeds, I had so much fun with this system.

As a high school art teacher,I have subscribed to art museum sites.
1. Museum of Modern Art: This museum is one of the most famous art museum in the world and it is in my neighborhood. This site provides current exhibition information so I can choose and schedule when and what to visit.

2. Metropolitan Museum of Art: This museum is the biggest museum in NYC. Even curators in the museum does not know the entire collection because it has tremendous information. This site has podcasts on art history with linked images and current exhibitions. I can introduce the video or podcast to student when I see something related to the class lesson or student's interest.

3. Cooper Hewitt National Design Museum: This museum is one of my favorite because it is a smaller size with contemporary art, mostly design. This museum provides numerous workshops to art teachers and students on design and educational aspects of design. This month, I have already scheduled a teacher workshop and a class field trip.

4. Art Education 2.0: This is a social network site on Ning for high school art teachers. I have seen AP studio art teachers in the group and I want to find out more about the group because I want to learn from other AP teachers. Student artworks, lessons, and videos were shown.

The following sites are about education in a broader sense.

5. Educational Week: This site has articles on many different subjects and issues on education. Topics cover technology, international education news, politics, school environment, and more.

6. Edutopia: This site includes many resources on education. It is online educational magazine with current educational issues, and real life stories of student success. I really enjoyed Digital Youth Portrait series which talk about stories how technology helps student self-learning.

7. Digital Education: This shows articles on issues of digital generation and how it changes educational settings and applications.

BP1_2009101_Educational Use of Blog

Educational uses of blogs

Edublog is a useful educational blog for classrooms for many purposes. First, it serves students as means of communication and collaboration. Students can keep the record of their field trips, share ideas, build projects, and exchanges resources. Second, teachers can post homework or assignments to the blog so that students and parents can easily access to the site to update what is going on in class. Teachers also can make a showcase for the students' projects as a digital portfolio. Downside of the blogging is accessibility of computer and internet at home for students. Teachers should make sure students have computer and internet at home to start the blogging. Another downside is student safety issue. Individual information or student's picture must be private to class or protected in other ways. (Ray, 2006)

I agree with Ray (2006) that the blogging can be a useful tool for students' learning experience. I have tried Edublog but it was not free if you have more than 10 students. Our school has a different web tool that I want to discuss its use.
Last week I gave an article to students to read and email me the reflection, Their ideas were diverse and I wanted them to share them. The only way that they can really share is through reading what they wrote. I asked them to post their ideas on discussion section of our school eChalk website. My school has eChalk account, which has numerous useful functions in it. It give every student an email account. First.Lastname@baysidehighschool.org is the email address format for every student so that teachers can always email students without finding their email addresses or misspelling of their email addresses. Teachers can create a group page or class page to post class assignments, calendar, resources, discussions, surveys and more. Teachers have unlimited space to save their material and they can easily change the date for next year round for the same materials. Administrators upload their announcement to department group page with attachments. A teacher looses the portable USB but saves everything on eChalk, no worries for him. It has been up for two years but I recently started using it. Still not every teacher is using it. This year, I really want to explore it. This does not exactly serve as a blog but discussion section of the site can be similar to the blog.

Ray, J. (2006, Summer). Welcome to blogosphere, Kappa Delta Pi Record, 42, 4, 175-177

In chapter 8 of Intelligence Reframed, Gardner talked about intelligence versus creativity. They are different. One can be intelligent but not necessarily creative. However, one who is intelligent can be creative because creative artwork has to be ?initially novel but is eventually accepted in one or more cultural settings? (p.116) and the acceptance has to be evaluated over time with many different experts. ???? This made me think about artists like Duchamp and Mondrian. Duchamp is the one who exhibited toilet as a piece of artwork. He also presented a bicycle wheel and a chair combined as a piece of artwork. Mondrian painted a bunch of lines and colors in rectangles. They challenged how people think about art and in general even till now. Those pieces convey messages to the viewer rather than providing pleasant scenery. In my art class, I ask my art students about their artwork. Students often tell me that they can do a better job. They might be true in terms of skill but I ask them ?what is the use if you paint exactly the same as Mondrian did if you are not the first one who painted that?? Then I ask them. ?What makes these artists famous?? ?If you were to paint a red dot in the middle of white canvas and present it in the world now, could you be famous as Mondrian?? They say ?no.? Their reasoning is this. Mondrian already presented realistic paintings and Duchamp already showed paintings that excel in skill before they presented something different to the world. People pay attention because people think that they are worth looking based on their previous achievement as a whole. Without foundation (which Gardner would say ?intelligence?), it is hard to determine creativity.